Test Sample Questions

Here are a few sample questions to help you study. I'll try to post some about Hume on Tuesday.

1. What is the strongest argument Socrates presents to Crito against the idea that it would be not only in his best interest, but just and virtuous to escape from prison?
2. Socrates believes that one ought always to obey the laws of the state, even when they are unjust. Why is this so?
3. What do you make of the idea of one's "implied contract" with the state?
4. Despite the seemingly overwhelming evidence that it would be in his best interest to escape from prison, Socrates believes that being moral is more in one's self-interest than being immoral. What reasons does he offer to support this point of view?
5. In The Republic, Socrates and his friends are trying to figure out what justice is. What definition does Polemarchus offer? How does Socrates refute it?
   
6. What definition does Thrasymachus offer? What are some of the arguments he provides to support his definition? Are these good arguments?
7. Socrates seems to refute the definition of justice Thrasymachus provides. The argument he uses to do this doesn't actually work, however. What is this argument?
8. After Thrasymachus leaves frustrated, Glaucon presses on the issue and provides some very powerful arguments supporting the idea that it is better to be unjust than to be just. This creates a very challenging standard for Socrates to overcome. What are the two main arguments Glaucon presents?
9. How does Socrates attempt to overcome these objections? Do his arguments work?
10. The myth of the cave provides, by way of analogy, the metaphysical support Socrates needs in order to support his contention concerning the primacy of the state (as opposed to the individual). How does Socrates do this?
11. What is the argument in "the ring of Gyges"?
12. Why is it important for Socrates that the soul be immortal?
13. Aristotle presents a teleological ethics; he believes that all actions are done for the sake of something. What is this something for the sake of which all actions are done?
    
14. How does Aristotle attempt to figure out what happiness depends on? What do the ideas of function and proper excellence have to do with happiness?
15. According to Aristotle, what is the function of man?
16. In what does virtue consist? Why is it not enough that one possess certain faculties?
17. What is the relationship between virtue and pleasure for Aristotle? Do you agree with his position? Why?
18. What is the definition of happiness that Aristotle proposes?
19. What is the definition of virtue for Aristotle? How does he figure out what virtue is?
20. What are the differences between intellectual virtues and moral virtues?
21. Aristotle, in a very important passage in his Ethics, says "it is by our conduct in our intercourse with other men that we become just or unjust.... In a word, acts of any kind produce habits or characters of the same kind. Hence we ought to make sure that our acts be of a certain kind; for the resulting character varies as they vary. It makes no small difference, therefore, whether a man be trained from his youth up in this way or in that, but a great difference, or rather all the difference." What is Aristotle talking about, and what is its significance?
22. What are 5 conditions required for an act to be virtuous, according to Aristotle?
23. There might be a question where I list some character traits, and you are supposed to arrange them as deficiencies, means and excesses, and then figure out which would be the virtues, according to Aristotle.
24. Aristotle believes that the right amount of pride, when there is merit behind it, is a virtue, a good thing. This goes in direct contradiction of Judeo-Christian doctrine, which considers pride as one of the seven deadly sins. What are we to make of this character trait? Notice that "the proper amount, and in the right way" makes all the difference for Aristotle.
25. For Aristotle, morality doesn't consist in following a specific set of rules, as in Christianity, but in being a certain type of person. What do you make of this? Is it more important to do the right thing, independently of how you feel about it, or is it more important to be the kind of person who does certain kinds of things? Why?
26. What are the three types of friendship Aristotle identifies? Which is the best? Why?
27. Why is making tons of money not the good life?
28. Why is the good life a rational life? Why not just indulge in physical pleasures?
29. Why is someone painfully doing the right thing not considered virtuous by Aristotle?
30. Plato and Aristotle have a drastically different view from Hobbes regarding the relationship between the state and the individual. On the one hand, Socrates argues, the individual could not be an individual without the precondition of a state in which he/she was born and raised. Not only this, a society could continue to exist even when its individual members ceased to exist (though not all of them at once). On the other hand, Hobbes argues, there could not be a society without individual members that came together and formed the group. In other words, for Plato and Aristotle, the individual is only possible thanks to the state, while for Hobbes, the state is only possible due to individuals. Who is right? How can we solve this problem?
31. What does it mean to say that psychological egoism is unfalsifiable?
    
32. Hobbes creates a very difficult challenge for himself: he denies that morality can be based on any objective realm to which we have no access, that it cannot be based on God, that it cannot be based on any kind of teleological conception of the universe. In what does he base it, then?
    
33. What is the state of nature, according to Hobbes?
34. What are some of the problems of the sate of nature?
    
35. As an empiricist, how does Hobbes define what is good and what is evil?
36. What does Hobbes mean when he says that all people are equal?
37. The fact that people are basically equal creates a major problem. What is this problem?
38. What does the condition of war consist in for Hobbes?
39. Hobbes has a very negative view of humanity, and we may not like it, but he thinks that through our own actions we actually show that we agree with him. What is he talking about?
40. Why does Hobbes think that there is no such thing as justice or injustice in the state of nature?
41. How does reason save us from the state of nature?
42. In matters of morality, what is a law of nature for Hobbes?
43. What are the first two rules of reason Hobbes identifies?
44. Why does Hobbes think that some contracts are immediately void?
45. What kind of rights is it impossible to rationally renounce? Why?
    
46. What is the role of the sovereign in the commonwealth?
47. Why does it make no sense to abide by the terms of a social contract when there is no sovereign?
48. What does Hobbes think freedom consists in?
49. How does game theory (prisoner's dilemma) show a different way of arriving at the need to establish a social contract? What is the problem with pursuing one's individual self-interest? What is the moral of the experiments?
50. What would social contract theory have to say about the following issues: abortion, gay marriage, the death penalty, an official religion, sexual harassment, racial discrimination, recreational drug use, stem cell research, helping old ladies cross the street, wasting one's talents, sexual promiscuity, getting tattoos?

Hope that helps.